Date of Publication : April 2026

Abstract: In today’s fast moving world, agricultural supply chains face data tampering/loss of trust and transparency as well as ineffective traceability. These challenges arise from the use of traditional centralized systems which do not guarantee immutability or have proper ownership tracking which results in product fraud, degraded product quality and ineffective logistics. This paper proposes a framework for a decentralized agricultural supply chain called AgriChain that leverages IoT (Internet of Things) sensors, decentralized storage, blockchain Smart Contracts and cryptographic verification to provide a secure, decentralized agricultural supply chain. The AgriChain Framework will use IoT sensors throughout the supply chain to collect environmental/crop data, generate secure hashes and build Merkle trees for data integrity. The sensor data will be stored on IPFS using Pinata, while only the immutable metadata (CID and Merkle root) will be posted to the Ethereum Sepolia Blockchain. Ownership transfer and state changes will be executed using the sequential Smart Contract method with the atomic transfer And Update State function. The AgriChain Framework will offer a user-friendly interface through a React frontend that provides real-time monitoring, visualizations of the agricultural supply chain over time and QR codes to verify purchases by consumers. Our experimental implementation demonstrates secure traceability, tamper-evident storage of data, and efficient transfer of ownership for all stakeholders involved in the agricultural supply chain. The proposed architecture can serve as an extensible, resilient foundation for future decentralized agricultural supply chain implementations.

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